| Feature | SOAP | REST | GraphQL | RPC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Architecture | Layered, heavyweight | Stateless, resource-based | Client-driven, query language | Remote procedure call |
| Data format | XML | JSON, other human-readable formats | JSON | Proprietary, often binary |
| Communication style | Request-response | Request-response | Single request, multiple responses | Request-response |
| Flexibility | Less flexible, more structured | Highly flexible, adaptable | Very flexible, specifies only desired data | Limited flexibility, specific function calls |
| Performance | Generally slower due to heavier data format | Can be faster due to lightweight format | Efficient if querying specific data | Highly efficient for internal microservices |
| Complexity | More complex to develop and maintain | Easier to develop and maintain | Moderate complexity, requires schema learning | Moderate complexity, depends on chosen RPC framework |
| Security | Built-in security features like WS-Security | Requires additional security layers | Can be secure with JWT and other mechanisms | Varies depending on framework and implementation |
| Typical use cases | Enterprise integrations, secure transactions | Public APIs, web applications, mobile apps | Single data fetching requests, personalized APIs | Internal microservices communication, high-speed data transfer |
| Popularity | Declining, but still used in legacy systems | Widely used, dominant API style | Increasing popularity, particularly for complex data needs | Primarily internal usage, growing adoption for public APIs |
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